\pard\tx520\tx1060\tx1600\tx2120\tx2660\tx3200\tx3720\tx4260\tx4800\tx5320\f0\b\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 cd
\b0 causes directory becomes the new working directory. The process must have execute (search) permission in directory. Because a new process is created to execute each command, cd would be ineffective if it were written as a normal command. It is therefore recognized and executed by the shells. In csh(1) you may specify a list of directories in which directory is to be sought as a subdirectory if it is not a subdirectory of the current directory; see the description of the cdpath variable in csh(1).
CommandArgument
directory
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx1152\tx2304\tx3456\tx4608\tx5760\tx6912\tx8064\tx9216\tx10368\tx11520\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Directory becomes the new working directory.
\pard\tx520\tx1060\tx1600\tx2120\tx2660\tx3200\tx3720\tx4260\tx4800\tx5320\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 For each directory argument,
\b ls
\b0 lists the contents of the directory; for each file argument,
\b ls
\b0 repeats its name and any other information requested. By default, the output is sorted alphabetically. When no argument is given, the current directory is listed. When several arguments are given, the arguments are first sorted appropriately, but file arguments are processed before directories and their contents.
[18@]
CommandOption
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx520\tx1060\tx1600\tx2120\tx2660\tx3200\tx3720\tx4260\tx4800\tx5320\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 List in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner, size in bytes, and time of last modification for each file. If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain the major and minor device numbers. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is printed preceded by ``->''.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx520\tx1060\tx1600\tx2120\tx2660\tx3200\tx3720\tx4260\tx4800\tx5320\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Include the group ownership of the file in a long output.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx520\tx1060\tx1600\tx2120\tx2660\tx3200\tx3720\tx4260\tx4800\tx5320\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by name.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx520\tx1060\tx1600\tx2120\tx2660\tx3200\tx3720\tx4260\tx4800\tx5320\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 List all entries; in the absence of this option, entries whose names begin with a period (.) are not listed.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 List all entries except for the current directory (.) and the parent directory (..).
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Give size in kilobytes of each file.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 If argument is a directory, list only its name; often used with -l to get the status of a directory.
z{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references rather than the link itself. Note that if the link references a directory the link is always followed, unless the -l option is used.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or oldest first as appropriate.
"{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Use time of last access instead of last modification for sorting (with the -t option) and/or printing (with the -l option).
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Use time of file creation for sorting or printing.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 For each file, print the i-number in the first column of the report.
}{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory and list the name found in each slot. This option turns off -l, -t, -s, and -r, and turns on -a; the order is the order in which entries appear in the directory.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Cause directories to be marked with a trailing `/', sockets with a trailing `=', executable files with a trailing `*', and symbolic links to files with a trailing `@'. Symbolic links to directories are marked with a trailing `/', unless the -l option is also used.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx520\tx1060\tx1600\tx2120\tx2660\tx3200\tx3720\tx4260\tx4800\tx5320\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Force one entry per line output format; this is the default when output is not to a terminal.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
"{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Name is the path given to list files or directories.
\b0 creates the specified directories; the directories are assigned the default access mode, which is determined by the umask(2) file creation mode mask. Standard entries, `.', for the directory itself, and `..' for its parent, are made automatically. Mkdir requires write permission in the parent directory.
dirname
{\rtf0\ansi{\fonttbl\f0\fmodern Courier;}
\margl40
\margr40
\pard\tx533\tx1067\tx1601\tx2135\tx2668\tx3202\tx3736\tx4270\tx4803\tx5337\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\fs24\fc0\cf0 Dirname is the directory made.
\b0 creates the directories specified in each dir_path, and optionally sets owner, group, and mode for the created directories. Mkdirs requires write permission in the parent directory. Unlike mkdir, mkdirs creates all non-existent directories specified in each dir_path. For example, the following command creates both new-dir-1 and new-dir-2: mkdirs ~/new-dir-1/new-dir-2 The mode of the created directories is determined by the value of the mode argument, which may be absolute or symbolic (see chmod(1) for the correct syntax), or by the current umask(2) value if no mode argument is specified. Only modes of directories created by mkdirs are affected; modes of existing directories specified in the dir_path do not change.
\f0\b0\i0\ulnone\ql\fs24\fi0\li0\gray0\fc0\cf0\up0\dn0 A directory lost+found is created in the current directory and a number of empty files are created therein and then removed so that there will be empty slots for fsck(8). This command should not normally be needed since mkfs(8) automatically creates the lost+found directory when a new file system is created.
(.txt)